8,592 QPSK Bits Through One FPGA Pin and a Resonant Tank

The Message Began Inside the FPGA

I put the PRBS16 generator inside the FPGA, so Physical27 created its own payload instead of accepting host-streamed samples. The 16-bit register started at 0x1D2B. Lane 62 selected two changing taps, applied its fixed salt, and turned each two-bit word into one of four cardinal complex states: +I, +Q, −I, or −Q.

The lane advanced at 3,295.8984375 symbols/s. Signed first-order sigma-delta modulators converted its I and Q components into two one-bit streams. A common +7.5 MHz Gray rotation moved the entire complex word, rather than offsetting I and Q independently. The rotated bits selected one of the PLL’s four quadrature phases at 216 MHz. N16 then switched high or high-impedance into the resonant network.

The Receiver Saw One Finite Burst

The orchestrator opened direct FPGA telemetry and armed the RTL-SDR before loading the volatile CRAM image. The receiver sampled unsigned 8-bit complex values at 2.4 MS/s with its tuner centered at 223.4875 MHz. The wanted QPSK lane sat 75 kHz above that center, at 223.5625 MHz.

N16 stayed active for a nominal three seconds. The capture also retained RF-off samples on both sides of the burst. Afterward the transmitter returned to high impedance, and postflight telemetry counted 22,528 idle frames with no burst-active, physical-RF-pulse, or TX-LED assertion.

From 2.4 Million Samples per Second to One Point per Symbol

The receiver and FPGA ran on independent clocks. The captured waveform supplied carrier and timing, while direct telemetry supplied the precise transmitted symbol only at epochs that reached the host.

1. Translate the lane to zero frequency. Complex mixing moved the +75 kHz wanted lane to baseband.
2. Reduce and filter. The reducer turns each group of 45 input samples into one complex sample, then applies a 257-tap low-pass filter with a 10 kHz cutoff.
3. Locate the RF burst. Channel energy selects the interval from 0.7995 to 3.80761875 seconds without consulting the transmitted symbol sequence.
4. Seed the carrier tracker. Fourth-power phase removes QPSK data modulation and produces an initial residual-frequency estimate of −79.0627 Hz.
5. Choose the phase bandwidth. Early directly observed epochs select a 65-sample smoothing width, equivalent to 1.21875 ms after reduction.
6. Freeze symbol timing. Early alignment sets the first epoch at 0.807219774 seconds and fits 3,295.899426 symbols/s, about 0.3 ppm above the nominal FPGA rate.
7. Freeze orientation and affine correction. The early region selects the normal QPSK orientation, complex gain, and offset.
8. Measure each received symbol. The receiver averages thirteen interpolated points across the central 72% of each symbol epoch into one complex value.
9. Track held-out phase from RF alone. During the scored interval, received I/Q drives the carrier tracker; held-out symbol truth and hard decisions do not.
10. Score only direct matches. The score admits a symbol only when both its physical receive epoch and its directly observed FPGA telemetry epoch exist.

Initialization Ended Before the Checked Interval Began

The first 993 directly observed symbols supplied the timing, orientation, complex gain, offset, and tracker-width choices. The held-out interval then began at zero-based epoch 4,200 and ended before epoch 9,823. The receiver held those settings fixed while phase continued to follow the received waveform.

The nominal held-out span contained 5,623 epochs. Direct telemetry reached 4,296 of them and left 1,327 holes inside that span. The score inferred, interpolated, and counted no symbols in those holes. Across the complete run, telemetry left 2,332 epochs absent.

Every Directly Paired Symbol Chose the Intended Quadrant

Hard decisions used the nearest of the four cardinal QPSK states. All 4,296 held-out symbols selected the intended state, so the two-bit mapping produced 8,592 checked bits with zero observed errors. Normalized complex correlation reached 0.999584. Eleven local time windows stayed between 1.9828% and 2.1650% RMS EVM.

This finite burst records a precise engineering result: every directly paired held-out symbol in Physical27 survived the complete one-pin FPGA, tank, pad, and receiver path. A BER curve offers the next expansion through many more bits, repeated bursts, controlled received level, temperature and supply variation, and failures as well as successes.

The Conjugate Image Required a Second Tuning

Physical28 kept the FPGA image, receiver gain, sample rate, path, and duration unchanged, then moved only the RTL-SDR center to the 208.4375 MHz conjugate-image region. Signed excess power in the predeclared 25 kHz wanted and image windows gave a 29.443932 dB wanted/image ratio.

Two sequential RTL-SDR tuner settings measured the regions. The resulting complete-path ratio includes the tank, cable, nominal 3 dB pad, tuner response, receiver response, independent clocks, and the time between captures; it reports more than device-only Weaver cancellation.

A Shared Clock Will Expand the Receiver's Reach

Host arrival times paired thousands of low-rate symbols, while a common trigger or clock can add sub-symbol timing that USB telemetry cannot provide at 216 MHz. Repeated controlled bursts can then sweep received level, temperature, supply, tap settings, tank loading, and symbol rate while keeping the same physical reference plane.

The stronger 216 MHz term remains a separate transmitter problem from the conjugate image. The next receiver can follow information recovery, carrier feedthrough, image behavior, and wideband flatness as four distinct consequences.